Variable response of functional macrophyte groups to lake characteristics,land use,and space: implications for bioassessment |
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Authors: | Janne Alahuhta Antti Kanninen Seppo Hellsten Kari-Matti Vuori Minna Kuoppala Heikki Hämäläinen |
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Affiliation: | 1. Department of Geography, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland 2. Freshwater Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, University of Jyv?skyl?, 40014, Oulu, Finland 3. Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyv?skyl?, 40014, Oulu, Finland 4. Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment, 70101, Kuopio, Finland 5. Freshwater Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland 6. Research and Innovation Laboratory, Finnish Environment Institute, University of Jyv?skyl?, 40014, Oulu, Finland
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Abstract: | We investigated how land use at multiple scales affects functional macrophytes groups and ecological status index in the boreal region. We employed a variance partitioning analysis to quantify the relative role of lake characteristics, multiple-scaled land use (catchment, buffer zones of 100, 300 and 500 m), and space in explaining the composition and richness of functional macrophyte groups (emergent and submerged macrophytes and hydrophytes) and ecological status of macrophytes in 110 Finnish lakes. Partial redundancy analysis (community composition) and partial linear regression (richness and status index) revealed that macrophyte community composition, richness, and status index were mostly explained by the pure effect of lake characteristics, which dominated over space for most macrophyte variables. Land use adjacent to shoreline had a higher effect on emergent macrophytes and status index compared to the land use of the whole catchment. Our findings suggest that emergent macrophytes can indicate changes in water quality and hydro-morphology originated from the close vicinity of the littoral zone. Ecological quality assessment based on emergent macrophytes only is probably not sufficient, but including emergent species in the assessments is recommended, especially in the species-poor boreal region. |
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