Mechanisms for inhibition of the catalytic activity of adenylate cyclase by the guanine nucleotide-binding proteins serving as the substrate of islet-activating protein, pertussis toxin

Two GTP-binding trimeric proteins (referred to as alpha 41 beta gamma and alpha 39 beta gamma based on the kilodalton molecular weights of their alpha-subunits) were purified from rat brain as the specific substrates of the ADP-ribosylation reaction catalyzed by islet-activating protein, pertussis toxin, and resolved irreversibly into alpha- and beta gamma-subunits by incubation with guanosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S). Some of these resolved subunits interacted directly with the adenylate cyclase catalyst partially purified from rat brain in a detergent-containing solution, resulting in inhibition of the cyclase activity as follows. 1) GTP gamma S-bound alpha 41 inhibited the catalyst, but GTP gamma S-bound alpha 39 did not; the inhibition was competitive with GTP gamma S-bound alpha-subunit of Ns, the GTP-binding protein involved in activation of adenylate cyclase. 2) beta gamma from either alpha 41 beta gamma or alpha 39 beta gamma inhibited the catalyst in a manner not competitive with the activator such as forskolin or the alpha-subunit of Ns. 3) The ADP-ribosylation of alpha 41 beta gamma by islet-activating protein did not exert any influence on the subsequent GTP gamma S-induced resolution and the ability of the resolved GTP gamma S-bound alpha 41 to inhibit the catalyst. 4) The beta gamma-induced inhibition of the catalyst was additive to the inhibition caused by GTP gamma S-bound alpha 41. Thus, the direct inhibition of the catalyst by beta gamma or GTP gamma S-bound alpha 41 is a likely mechanism involved in receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase, in addition to the previously proposed indirect inhibition due to the reduction of the concentration of the active alpha-subunit of Ns by reassociation with beta gamma.