Conversion of hexose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in imidazolium ionic liquids with and without a catalyst |
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| Authors: | Cao Quan Guo Xingcui Yao Shengxi Guan Jing Wang Xiaoyan Mu Xindong Zhang Dongke |
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| Institution: | aKey Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, People’s Republic of China;bCentre for Energy (M473), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Conversion of fructose and glucose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was investigated in various imidazolium ionic liquids, including 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (HmimCl), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (OmimCl), 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BemimCl), 1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride (BdmimCl), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium p-toluenesulfonate (BmimPS). The acidic C-2 hydrogen of imidazolium cations was shown to play a major role in the dehydration of fructose in the absence of a catalyst, such as sulfuric acid or CrCl3. Both the alkyl groups of imidazolium cations and the type of anions affected the reactivity of the carbohydrates. Although, except BmimCl and BemimCl, other four ionic liquids could only achieve not more than 25% HMF yields without an additional catalyst, 60–80% HMF yields were achieved in HmimCl, BdmimCl, and BmimPS in the presence of sulfuric acid or CrCl3 in sufficient quantities. |
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| Keywords: | Fructose Glucose HMF Imidazolium ionic liquids |
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