Degradation of 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol at low temperature and low dioxygen concentrations by phylogenetically different groundwater and bioreactor bacteria

Effects of low temperature and low oxygen partial pressure on theoccurrence and activity of 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol degrading bacteria in a boreal chlorophenol contaminated groundwater and a full-scale fluidized-bed bioreactor were studied using four polychlorophenol degrading bacterial isolates of different phylogenetic backgrounds. These included an -proteobacterial Sphingomonas sp. strain MT1 isolated from the full-scale bioreactor and three isolates from the contaminated groundwater whichwere identified as -proteobacterial Herbaspirillum sp. K1,a Gram-positive bacterium with high G + C content Nocardioides sp. K44 and an -proteobacterialSphingomonas sp. K74. The Sphingomonasstrains K74 and MT1 and Nocardioides sp. K44 degraded2,4,6-trichlorophenol and 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol as the solecarbon and energy sources. Close to stoichiometric inorganic chloride release with the 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol removal andthe absence of methylation products indicated mineralization. Tetrachlorophenol degradation by the Herbaspirillum sp. K1 was enhanced by yeast extract, malate, glutamate, pyruvate, peptone and casitone. At 8 °C, Sphingomonas sp. K74 had the highest specific degradation rate(_max = 4.9 × 10^-12 mg h^-1 cell^-1) for 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol. The Nocardioides strain K44 had the highest affinity (K_s = 0.46 mg l^-1) for tetrachlorophenol. K1 and MT1 grew microaerophilically in semisolid glucose medium. Furthermore, the growth of MT1 was inhibited in liquidglucose medium at high oxygen partial pressure indicating sensitivity to accumulating toxic oxygen species. On the other hand, trichlorophenol degradation was not affected by oxygen concentration (2–21%). The isolates K44, K74 and MT1, with optimum growth temperaturesbetween 23 and 25 °C, degraded tetrachlorophenol faster at 8 °C than at room temperature indicating distinctly different temperature optima for chlorophenol degradation and growthon complex media. These results show efficient polychlorophenol degradation by the isolates at the boreal groundwater conditions, i.e., at low temperature and low oxygen concentrations. Differences in chlorophenol degradation and sensitivities to chlorophenols and oxygen among the isolates indicate that the phylogenetically different chlorophenol degraders have found different niches in the contaminated groundwater and thus potential for contaminantdegradation under a variety of saturated subsurface conditions.