Protandry in the parasitoidCardiochiles nigriceps,as related to its mating system |
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Authors: | Yoshimi Hirose S. B. Vinson Yasuko Hirose |
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Affiliation: | (1) Division of Insect Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 812 Fukuoka, Japan;(2) Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, 77843-2475 College Station, Texas, U.S.A.;(3) 349 Asano, 811-34 Munakata, Japan |
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Abstract: | A laboratory study was conducted of the emergence times and mating success ofCardiochiles nigriceps Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval parasitoid of the tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and in view of this information, the parasitoid's mating system was explored. Observations on laboratory populations ofC. nigriceps confirmed the occurrence of two types of protandry, i.e. seasonal and diurnal; males emerged 2 days before females in a generation, and emerged about 1 hr before females on a given day. An experiment on mating success showed that newly emerged females are not receptive to males that emerged 1 hr earlier, but that these males and females often mate successfully after 1 more hr. The experiment also showed that 1- to 5-day-old males are more successful than 1-hr-old males in mating with 0- to 1-hr-old females. Thus, it is argued that males emerging on a given day have a disadvantage in competition for mates with males that emerged days earlier, and that this disadvantage may serve as a selection pressure toward diurnal protandry. A monogamous mating system for females ofC. nigriceps is suggested because sexual selection would be expected to be strong in species exhibiting both seasonal and diurnal protandry. A possibility of a sibling mating system inC. nigriceps is questioned partly because newly emerged females are unreceptive to males that emerged 1 hr earlier and partly because this parasitoid is solitary in what is considered highly dispersed hosts in the field. |
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Keywords: | Cardiochiles nigriceps Hymenoptera Mating system Parasitoids Protandry |
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