The use of mutant and engineered microbial agents for biological control of plant diseases caused by Pythium: Achievements versus challenges |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China;2. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Marine Biotechnology, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lian Yungang, China;1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/ Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/ Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China;2. Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Key Laboratory for Agriculture Microbiology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai''an, China;3. College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China |
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| Abstract: | Pythium species are devasting pathogens causing major crop losses, e.g., damping-off in sugar beet caused by Pythium ultimum and root-rot of tomato caused by Pythium aphanidermatum. The use of natural antagonistic microorganisms is a promising environment-friendly approach to control Pythium-caused plant diseases. There are several examples of biocontrol of diseases caused by Pythium species but the application of bioeffectors (biological control agents) is limited for various reasons, including the restricted amount of gene-modification based biotechnological progress. The regulations in many countries prevent genetically modified bioeffectors from being routinely deployed in field conditions. Our two connected aims in this review are (1) to compile and assess achievements in genetic modification of bioeffectors which have been tested for parasitism or antagonism towards a Pythium plant pathogen or biocontrol of a plant disease caused by a Pythium species, and (2) discuss how a better performing bioeffector could be engineered to improve biocontrol of Pythium-caused plant diseases. We focus on the role of seven key mechanisms: cellulases, carbon catabolite de-repression, glycosylation, reactive oxygen species, chitin re-modelling, proteases, and toxic secondary metabolites. Genetic modifications of bioeffectors include gene deletion and overexpression, as well as the replacement of promoter elements to tune the gene expression to the presence of the pathogen. Gene-modifications are limited to fungal and bacterial bioeffectors due to the difficulty of gene modification in oomycete bioeffectors such as Pythium oligandrum. We assess how previous gene modifications could be combined and what other gene modification techniques could be introduced to make improved bioeffectors for Pythium-caused plant diseases. The broad host-range of Pythium spp. suggests engineering improved antagonistic traits of a bioeffector could be more effective than engineering plant-mediated traits i.e., engineer a bioeffector to antagonise a plant pathogen in common with multiple plant hosts rather than prime each unique plant host. |
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| Keywords: | Antagonism Bioeffector Biological control |
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