Symbiotic fungi as biotechnological tools: Methodological challenges and relative benefits in agriculture and forestry |
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Affiliation: | 1. Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia;2. Mycology and Microbiology Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia;1. Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France;2. Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRM2, F-54000 Nancy, France;1. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Département Systématique et Evolution (UMR 7205 ISYEB), CP 50, 45 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France;2. School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa;1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil;2. Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil;1. Center for Forest Mycology Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, 53726, USA;2. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA;3. Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA;4. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA;5. Hastings Reservation, University of California Berkeley, 38601 E. Carmel Valley Rd., Carmel Valley, CA, 93924, USA;1. School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan;3. Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan;4. UoN Chair of Omans Medicinal Plants & Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, 616 Nizwa, Oman |
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Abstract: | Environmental conditions are becoming increasingly challenging in managed ecosystems, especially in agricultural fields, where environmentally friendly solutions are urgently needed. Fungal symbionts offer great opportunities to enhance crop production and ecosystem sustainability under environmental stress. Some fungi are relatively well investigated (e.g., arbuscular mycorrhiza) and regularly used in commercial products, while others, such as fungal endophytes, are not well-known in this market, yet. Here, we review I) the characteristics and benefits, II) the advantages and challenges of principal isolation, preservation, inoculation, and field applications methods, and III) the environmental stress resistance mechanisms for different beneficial fungi. Utilization of mycorrhizae is still facing many challenges, particularly in terms of acquiring pure cultures and successfully establishing their symbiosis in the field. Effects of mycorrhizal associations on the above-ground organs through molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Although biochemical values of some endophytes are well recognized, molecular mechanisms involved in endophytic-induced stress tolerance are poorly known. Fungal endophytes present several important advantages over mycorrhizal fungi including broader host range as well as straightforward isolation and application protocols. Further studies are necessary for selecting the best strains and communities, producing inoculum on a large-scale, and understanding the potential environmental hazards. |
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Keywords: | Crop production Fungal endophytes Growth promotion Inoculum production Mycorrhizal fungi Stress resistance |
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