Engineered living materials (ELMs) design: From function allocation to dynamic behavior modulation |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;3. Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;4. Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;1. Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China;2. Electrobiomaterials Institute, Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China;3. Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China;4. Cas Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China;5. School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China;6. Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Corrosion and Multiphase Technology, Ohio University, Athens 45701, USA |
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| Abstract: | Natural materials possess many distinctive “living” attributes, such as self-growth, self-healing, environmental responsiveness, and evolvability, that are beyond the reach of many existing synthetic materials. The emerging field of engineered living materials (ELMs) takes inspiration from nature and harnesses engineered living systems to produce dynamic and responsive materials with genetically programmable functionalities. Here, we identify and review two main directions for the rational design of ELMs: first, engineering of living materials with enhanced performances by incorporating functional material modules, including engineered biological building blocks (proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids) or well-defined artificial materials; second, engineering of smart ELMs that can sense and respond to their surroundings by programming dynamic cellular behaviors regulated via cell–cell or cell–environment interactions. We next discuss the strengths and challenges of current ELMs and conclude by providing a perspective of future directions in this promising area. |
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| Keywords: | Engineered living materials (ELMs) Synthetic biology Responsive materials Living composites Multicellular consortia |
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