Assessing the prevalence and risk factors associated with Entamoeba complex infection among the Orang Asli school children in Perak,Malaysia through molecular approach |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjung Malim, Perak, Malaysia;2. Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia;1. Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA;2. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand;1. Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India;2. Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India;3. Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India;1. School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand;2. Gut Microbiome Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand;3. Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom;1. Program in Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA;2. Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children''s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA;3. Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.;1. Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;2. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, 645 Fish Hatchery Road, Marion, NC 28752, USA |
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| Abstract: | This study performed a cross-sectional investigation on the prevalence of Entamoeba complex infection comprising Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, and Entamoeba moshkovskii and their associated risk factors among the Orang Asli school children in three districts in Perak, Malaysia. Stool samples collected from 544 school children aged between 7 and 12 years old were examined through the nested multiplex PCR assay. The univariate and multivariate regression analyses were then carried out to determine the risk factor associated with Entamoeba complex infection. The overall prevalence of Entamoeba complex infections (E. histolytica, E. dispar and E. moshkovskii) was 21.3% (116/544). Most positive school children were infected with E. moshkovskii (10.7%; 58/544), followed by E. dispar (9.0%; 49/544) and E. histolytica (5.0%; 27/544). Not washing their hands after using the toilet was identified as the only significant risk factor for E. histolytica. The significant risk factors associated with E. moshkovskii infection included children within the age of 10–12 years old, with high BMI, living with working and non-educated mothers, no toilet in the house, not washing their hands after using the toilet, and fever. On the other hand, drinking water from the river, well, and rain was associated with a decreased risk of E. dispar infection. In conclusion, this study showed a high prevalence of Entamoeba spp. infections among the Orang Asli school children in Perak, Malaysia. Addressing the identified risk factors coupled with a holistic approach in breaking the transmission of Entamoeba complex can help improve their quality of life. |
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