Ganoderma lucidum: A potential pleiotropic approach of ganoderic acids in health reinforcement and factors influencing their production |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia;2. Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia;3. Department of Laboratory Medicine Al-Hada and Taif Military Hospital, Saudi Arabia;4. Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medial Sciences, University of Hail, Hail PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia;5. Department of Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia;1. Phytochemistry Unit, Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, 50588 Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;2. Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China;3. Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China;4. Medical Entomology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute For Medical Research, 50588 Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;1. Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China;2. Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 6500500, China;1. Amala Cancer Research Centre, Thrissur, Kerala 680 555, India;2. CeNTAB, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu 613 401, India;3. Sree Ayyappa DB College, Eramallikkra, Alappuzha 689 109, Kerala, India;4. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India;1. Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China;2. Jiangsu Alphay Bio-technology Co., Ltd./Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Nantong 226009, Jiangsu, PR China |
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| Abstract: | Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) main attractive pharmacological characteristics are antitumor and immunomodulatory activities which are chiefly associated with its two principal bioactive compounds, those are polysaccharides and triterpenoids. Ganoderic acids (GAs) are one of the most discovered triterpenoids of G. lucidum among various triterpenoids. The prominent medicinal mushroom G. lucidum possesses GAs as essential bioactive constituents that are highly oxygenated lanostane-type triterpenoids. GAs exhibit diverse potential action against numerous diseases such as anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, cardioprotective, antiallergic, antihepatotoxic, neuroprotective and antinociceptive properties. GAs act through different mechanisms that include cytotoxic, apoptosis, inducing cell cycle arrest, inhibition of topoisomerases, antiproliferation, anti-invasion, inhibition of NF-kB AP1/uPA, farnesyl protein transferase and JAK-STAT3 pathway. The miraculous effects of GAs fascinate the researchers for their production. Various environmental factors such as biochemical signals, nutritional and physical that influence the biosynthesis of GA. However, the scarcities of pure compounds or accurately characterized extracts are the main problem of clinical studies. Substantial steps are required for characterized extracts of active compounds. This review contributes a thorough insight into the mode of actions of GAs and their possible reinforcements to overcome various diseases. |
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| Keywords: | Cancer Cytotoxic Fermentation Ganoderic acids Triterpenoids |
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