Gonadal development and an indication of functional protogyny in the Indian damselfish (Dascyllus carneus)

The objective of this study was to determine the sexual pattern of the Indian dascyllus Dascyllus carneus . After an initially undifferentiated state, gonads of D. carneus developed an ovarian lumen and primary growth stage oocytes, and subsequently cortical-alveolus stage oocytes. From ovaries with cortical-alveolus stage oocytes and from more developed ovaries, some gonads redifferentiated into testes. From a sample of 163 individuals, two had a gonad containing degenerating vitellogenic oocytes and proliferating spermatogenic tissue, nine had a gonad containing degenerating cortical-alveolus stage oocytes and spermatogenic tissue, and five had a gonad with degenerating primary growth stage oocytes and spermatogenic tissue. The size of these individuals overlapped greatly with the size range of mature females, suggesting that at least in some individuals, redifferentiation toward a testis occurred after spawning as females. This indicates that D. carneus is a functional, diandric protogynous hermaphrodite. Removal of a dominant male(s) did not induce a sex change in any of the ranking females in the laboratory and field groups. There was no difference in the number of chases and signal jumps performed by the ranking female between control and experimental field groups, or before and after removal of the male. However, the sizes of the ranking females were at or beyond the size range of individuals with a mixed-stage gonad, suggesting that the developmental window for female-to-male sex change may not be open ended. In 41 of 43 field groups, in which sex of fish was determined histologically or by the shape of the urogenital papilla, one to several highest size ranks were occupied by males, followed by one to several females. Mature males, however, were not limited to the highest ranks and occurred at various lower size ranks within groups. Individuals with a mixed-stage gonad also occupied various size ranks within groups.