New insights into manganese toxicity and speciation |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium;2. School of Public Health, Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium;3. Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;4. Provincial Institute for Hygiene, Antwerp, Belgium;5. Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium;6. Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;7. Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium;8. Faculty of Social Sciences and IMDO-Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;9. Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;10. Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;1. San Francisco State University, Department of Psychology, San Francisco, CA, United States;2. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States;3. ATSDR, Region 5, Chicago, IL, United States;4. California School of Professional Psychology at Alliant International University, San Francisco, CA, United States;5. U.S. EPA, Region 5, Chicago, IL, United States;6. Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan, South Korea;7. U.S. EPA, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States |
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| Abstract: | Manganese (Mn) is known to be a neurotoxic agent for nearly 175 years now. A lot of research has therefore been carried out over the last century. From preliminary describing only symptoms of Mn-(over)exposed workers, research was preceded to more detail on toxic mechanisms of Mn. Unraveling those neurotoxic mechanisms implicated a number of studies, which were summarized partly in several reviews (e.g. Yokel RA. Neuromol Med 2009;11(4):297–310; Aschner M, et al. Toxicology Appl Pharmacol 2007;221(2):131–47; Michalke B, et al. J Environ Monit 2007;9(7):650). Since our recent review on Mn-speciation in 2007 (Michalke B, et al. J Environ Monit 2007;9(7):650), Mn-research was considerably pushed forward and several new research articles were published. The very recent years though, Mn toxicity investigating science is spreading into different fields with very detailed and complex study designs. Especially the mechanisms of Mn-induced neuronal injury on cellular and molecular level was investigated in more detail, discussing neurotransmitter and enzyme interactions, mechanisms of action on DNA level and even inclusion of genetic influences. Depicting the particular Mn-species was also a big issue to determine which molecule is transporting Mn at the cell membranes and which one is responsible for the injury of neuronal tissue. Other special foci on epidemiologic studies were becoming more and more important: These foci were directed toward environmental influences of Mn on especially Parkinson disease prevalence and the ability to carry out follow-up studies about Mn-life-span exposure. All these very far-reaching research applications may finally lead to a suitable future human Mn-biomonitoring for being able to prevent or at least detect the early onset of manganism at the right time. |
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| Keywords: | Mn exposure Manganism Mn-speciation Mn molecular interactions Mn-biomonitoring |
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