Adulteration of Ginkgo biloba products and a simple method to improve its detection |
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| Institution: | 1. Medicinal Plant Herbarium, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia;2. Integria Healthcare, Gallans Road, Ballina, NSW 2478, Australia;3. Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia;1. Bioorganic Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Srinagar 190005, Jammu and Kashmir, India;2. Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India;3. Instrumentation Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India;4. Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India;1. Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, Changchun, 130117, China;2. Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China;1. National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA;2. Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA;3. Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;4. Agilent Technologies, 2850 Centerville Rd., Wilmington, DE 19808-1610, USA;1. REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;2. Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Sta. Apolónia, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal |
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| Abstract: | Extracts of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) leaf are widely available worldwide in herbal medicinal products, dietary supplements, botanicals and complementary medicines, and several pharmacopoeias contain monographs for ginkgo leaf, leaf extract and finished products. Being a high-value botanical commodity, ginkgo extracts may be the subject of economically motivated adulteration. We analysed eight ginkgo leaf retail products purchased in Australia and Denmark and found compelling evidence of adulteration with flavonol aglycones in three of these. The same three products also contained genistein, an isoflavone that does not occur in ginkgo leaf.Although the United States Pharmacopeia – National Formulary (USP-NF) and the British and European Pharmacopoeias stipulate a required range for flavonol glycosides in ginkgo extract, the prescribed assays quantify flavonol aglycones. This means that these pharmacopoeial methods are not capable of detecting adulteration of ginkgo extract with free flavonol aglycones.We propose a simple modification of the USP-NF method that addresses this problem: by assaying for flavonol aglycones pre and post hydrolysis the content of flavonol glycosides can be accurately estimated via a simple calculation. We also recommend a maximum limit be set for free flavonol aglycones in ginkgo extract. |
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| Keywords: | Ginkgo extract Adulteration Quality control Ginkgo flavonol glycosides Genistein |
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