Insecticide resistance in the horn fly: alternative control strategies |
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Authors: | Oyarzún M P Quiroz A Birkett M A |
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Affiliation: | Laboratorio Química Ecológica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de La Frontera (Chemical Ecology Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of La Frontera), Temuco, Chile;and Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Biological Chemistry Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, U.K. |
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Abstract: | Abstract. The horn fly, Haematobia irritans (Linnaeus 1758) (Diptera: Muscidae) is one of the most widespread and economically important pests of cattle. Although insecticides have been used for fly control, success has been limited because of the development of insecticide resistance in all countries where the horn fly is found. This problem, along with public pressure for insecticide-free food and the prohibitive cost of developing new classes of compounds, has driven the investigation of alternative control methods that minimize or avoid the use of insecticides. This review provides details of the economic impact of horn flies, existing insecticides used for horn fly control and resistance mechanisms. Current research on new methods of horn fly control based on resistant cattle selection, semiochemicals, biological control and vaccines is also discussed. |
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Keywords: | Haematobia irritans control strategies insecticide resistance organophosphates pyrethroids semiochemicals |
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