Multiscale Investigation of Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes: Analytical Techniques and Applications |
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| Authors: | David Schäfer Kie Hankins Michelle Allion Ulrike Krewer Franziska Karcher Laurin Derr Rolf Schuster Julia Maibach Stefan Mück Dominik Kramer Reiner Mönig Fabian Jeschull Sven Daboss Tom Philipp Gregor Neusser Jan Romer Krishnaveni Palanisamy Christine Kranz Florian Buchner R Jürgen Behm Ali Ahmadian Christian Kübel Irshad Mohammad Ago Samoson Raiker Witter Bernd Smarsly Marcus Rohnke |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich Buff Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany;2. Institute for Applied Materials – Electrochemical Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20b, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany;3. Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany;4. Department of Physics, Division of Materials Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Origovägen 6B, Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Sweden;5. Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany;6. Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany;7. Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, Oberberghof 7, 89081 Ulm, Germany;8. Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany;9. AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Low-Emission Transport, Battery Technologies, Giefinggasse 2, Vienna, 1210 Austria;10. Department of Cybernetics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, 19086 Estonia;11. Institute of Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Meyerhofstraße M26, 89081 Ulm, Germany |
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| Abstract: | The anode/electrolyte interface behavior, and by extension, the overall cell performance of sodium-ion batteries is determined by a complex interaction of processes that occur at all components of the electrochemical cell across a wide range of size- and timescales. Single-scale studies may provide incomplete insights, as they cannot capture the full picture of this complex and intertwined behavior. Broad, multiscale studies are essential to elucidate these processes. Within this perspectives article, several analytical and theoretical techniques are introduced, and described how they can be combined to provide a more complete and comprehensive understanding of sodium-ion battery (SIB) performance throughout its lifetime, with a special focus on the interfaces of hard carbon anodes. These methods target various length- and time scales, ranging from micro to nano, from cell level to atomistic structures, and account for a broad spectrum of physical and (electro)chemical characteristics. Specifically, how mass spectrometric, microscopic, spectroscopic, electrochemical, thermodynamic, and physical methods can be employed to obtain the various types of information required to understand battery behavior will be explored. Ways are then discussed how these methods can be coupled together in order to elucidate the multiscale phenomena at the anode interface and develop a holistic understanding of their relationship to overall sodium-ion battery function. |
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| Keywords: | hard carbon solid electrolyte interphase multiscale SEI sodium-ion battery |
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