The evolutionary psychology of physical attractiveness: Sexual selection and human morphology |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia;2. Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University Of Glasgow, Scotland, UK;3. School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews;1. School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, UK;2. Department of Psychology, University of Durham, UK;3. Universidad de las Regiones Autónomas de la Costa Caribe Nicaragüense, Bluefields, Nicaragua;1. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States;2. University of California, Irvine, CA, United States;3. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States;1. Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;2. Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 78712, TX, USA |
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| Abstract: | Psychological evidence suggests that sex differences in morphology have been modified by sexual selection so as to attract mates (intersexual selection) or intimidate rivals (intrasexual selection). Women compete with each other for high quality husbands by advertising reproductive value in terms of the distribution of fat reserves and by exaggerating morphological indicators of youthfulness such as a small nose and small feet and pale, hairless skin. Men's physical appearance tends to communicate social dominance, which has the combined effects of intimidating reproductive rivals and attracting mates. In addition to their attractiveness and intimidatory effects, human secondary sexual characters also provide cues to hormonal status and phenotypic quality consistent with the good genes model of sexual selection (which includes parasite resistance). Low waist-hip ratio is sexually attractive in women and indicates a high estrogen/testosterone ratio (which favors reproductive function). Facial attractiveness provides honest cues to health and mate value. The permanently enlarged female breast appears to have evolved under the influence of both the good genes and the runaway selection mechanisms. The male beard is not obviously related to phenotypic quality and may have evolved through a process of runaway intersexual selection. |
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