The proton pump of heme-copper oxidases.

Proton pumping heme-copper oxidases represent the terminal, energy-transfer enzymes of respiratory chains in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The Cu_B-heme a₃ (or heme o) binuclear center, associated with the largest subunit I of cytochrome c and quinol oxidases, is directly involved in the coupling between dioxygen reduction and proton pumping. The role of the other subunits is less clear. The following aspects will be covered in this paper:i) the efficiency of coupling in the mitochondrial aa₃ cytochrome c oxidase. In particular, the effect of respiratory rate and protonmotive force on the H⁺/e^? stoichiometry and the role of subunit IV; ii) mutational analysis of the aa₃ quinol oxidase of Bacillus subtilis addressed to the role of subunit III, subunit IV and specific residues in subunit I; iii) possible models of the protonmotive catalytic cycle at the binuclear center. The observations available suggest that H⁺/e^?coupling is based on the combination of protonmotive redox catalysis at the binuclear center and co-operative proton transfer in the protein.