The alpha-macroglobulin bait region. Sequence diversity and localization of cleavage sites for proteinases in five mammalian alpha-macroglobulins

The amino acid sequence of a 90-residue segment of human pregnancy zone protein containing its bait region has been determined. Human alpha 2-macroglobulin, human pregnancy zone protein, and rat alpha 1-macroglobulin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, and alpha 1-inhibitor 3 variants 1 and 2 constitute a group of homologous proteins; but the sequences of their bait regions are not related, and they differ in length (32-53 residues). The alpha-macroglobulin bait region is located equivalently with residues 666-706 in human alpha 2-macroglobulin. In view of the extreme sequence variation of the bait regions, the evolutionary constraints for these regions are likely to differ from those of the remainder of the alpha-macroglobulin structure. The sites of specific limited proteolysis in the bait regions of human pregnancy zone protein and rat alpha 1-macroglobulin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, and alpha 1-inhibitor 3 variants 1 and 2 by a variety of proteinases differing in specificity have been determined and compared with those identified earlier in human alpha 2-macroglobulin. The sites of cleavage generally conform to the substrate specificity of the proteinase in question, but the positions and nature of the P4-P4' sites differ. Most cleavages occur in two relatively small segments spaced by 6-10 residues; and in each case, bait region cleavage leads to alpha-macroglobulin-proteinase complex formation. The rate at which a given proteinase cleaves alpha-macroglobulin bait regions is likely to show great variation. Possible structural features of the widely different bait regions and their role in the mechanism of activation are discussed.