Chlamydial symbionts in the enigmatic Xenoturbella (Deuterostomia)

Ultrastructural observations of the gastrodermal cells in the enigmatic Xenoturbella revealed numerous chlamydiae. They are related to "Candidatus Fritschea" and Simkania (Simkaniaceae) based on 16S and 23S rRNA. Their 23S rRNA gene contains an intron encoding a putative homing endonuclease. The chlamydiae were pleomorphic and formed intravacuolar colonies. They have flattened disk-shaped elementary bodies, either oval or bow tie-shaped in cross-section, and reticulate bodies that are spherical, polygonal or irregularly shaped. All stages have five-layered cell wall with rippled appearance. Bacteria were not observed in the nuclei. The association between the chlamydiae and Xenoturbella is characterized by absence of cytopathological effects; limited host cell response against the chlamydiae; the confinement of the chlamydiae to inclusions in some part of the host cell; and complete and uniform infection of all examined hosts.