Testing the impact of Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROVs) camera angle on community metrics of temperate mesophotic organisms: A 3D model-based approach |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Computer Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China;2. College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China;1. School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;2. Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China;3. Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China;1. U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center, 2150 Centre Ave Bldg C, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States of America;2. Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States of America;3. Student Contractor to the U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center, 2150 Centre Ave Bldg C, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States of America;4. Natural Resources Stewardship and Science Biological Resource Division, National Park Service, 1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 200, Fort Collins, CO 80525, United States of America;5. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bear Lake National Wildlife Refuge, P.O. Box 9, Montpelier, ID 83254, United States of America;6. U.S. Geological Survey, Science Analytics and Synthesis Program, 1200 Sunrise Valley Dr, Rm. 2A322, Reston, VA 20192, United States of America;7. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ridgefield National Wildlife Refuge, 28908 NW Main Avenue, Ridgefield, WA 98642, United States of America;8. U.S. Geological Survey Pacific Island Ecosystem Research Center, Kilauea Field Station, PIERC Office Bldg 344, Hawaii National Park, HI 96718, United States of America;1. Civil Engineering Department, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran;2. Water Security & Sustainable Development Hub, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK;3. School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK;4. Chair of Engineering Hydrology and Water Management, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany;1. State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;2. National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China |
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| Abstract: | While Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) technologies have rapidly increased our understanding of deeper water mesophotic ecosystems, there are some inherent problems in their use when estimating the abundance of sessile benthic organisms. Specifically, for rocky and coral reefs there has been recent debate about the importance of the angle of the ROV camera to the substrate, which is difficult to standardise, and how variation in this angle might impact abundance estimates and therefore our ability to detect change in mesophotic ecosystems. Here we simulated a series of 3D rocky temperate mesophotic communities based on real data with three different levels of habitat complexity (high, medium, and low). We ‘sampled’ these communities in a virtual space varying the angle of the camera to the substrate, to assess the influence of camera angle on percent cover estimates and overall benthic community composition. We found that increases in the ROV to substrate angle overestimated the percent cover (per degree of camera angle) of gorgonians (large: R2 = 0.16; small: R2 = 0.18), tubular sponges (R2 = 0.11), and ascidians (R2 = 0.05–0.13), and underestimated the abundance of Crustose Coraline Algae (R2 = 0.1, likely due to shading) in the most complex habitats. While we also found some significant differences in the overall benthic community and data dispersion for the more complex habitats, angle explained only a small amount of total variation (<6%) and significant dispersion was only found between 0- and 50-degree angles in high and medium complexity habitats. We conclude that while ROV to surface angle should be a consideration when sampling deep water reefs, its influence on standard measurements that we estimate with photography is likely to be low, and restricted to errors in the abundance of organisms with a high ratio of height to planar projection area (e.g., gorgonians). |
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