Metabolons involving plant cytochrome P450s

Arranging biological processes into “compartments” is a key feature of all eukaryotic cells. Through this mechanism, cells can drastically increase metabolic efficiency and manage complex cellular processes more efficiently, saving space and energy. Compartmentation at the molecular level is mediated by metabolons. A metabolon is an ordered protein complex of sequential metabolic enzymes and associated cellular structural elements. The sub-cellular organization of enzymes involved in the synthesis and storage of plant natural products appears to involve the anchoring of metabolons by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) to specific domains of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. This review focuses on the current evidence supporting the organization of metabolons around P450s on the surface of the ER. We␣outline direct and indirect experimental data that describes P450 enzymes in the phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, cyanogenic glucoside, and other biosynthetic pathways. We also discuss the limitations and future directions of metabolon research and the potential for application to metabolic engineering endeavors.