Juvenile hormone biosynthesis in M. sexta: substrate specificity of insect prenyltransferase utilizing homologous diphosphate analogs

Analogs of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) and geranyl diphosphate (GPP) were prepared and tested as potential substrates of prenyltransferase of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, and of a sesquiterpene synthase derived from pig liver. Enzyme derived from corpora allata homogenates of both the larval and adult stage of M. sexta coupled each of the DMAPP analogs to produce homologous geranyl and farnesyl diphosphate products in the order (Z)-3-ethyl>(Z)-3-n-propyl>(Z)-3-methyl (DMAPP)>(Z)-3-i-propyl(Z)-3-n-butyl. In competition studies, the ethyl and n-propyl analogs either enhanced or had no effect on DMAPP coupling, whereas the larger analogs were inhibitors. (Z)-7-ethyl and (2Z,6Z)-3,7-diethyl analogs of GPP were as good, if not better substrates of larval prenyltransferase, while the C-3 ethyl analog of GPP, which is precursor to an isomeric form of juvenile hormone (JH) that is not typically found in insects, was poorly coupled by the enzyme. While similarities were seen for whole-cell extracts derived from adult and larval M. sexta, adult prenyltransferase derived from cytosolic and 16,000xg pellet fractions displayed distinct competitive coupling of GPP and its homologs, suggesting differences in substrate specificity as a result of enzyme localization. In contrast to M. sexta, the pig liver enzyme poorly coupled each of the homologous DMAPP derivatives, and the homologous derivatives of GPP were less efficiently coupled than GPP. These results indicate that prenyltransferase in M. sexta possesses high steric latitude at the (Z)-C-3 and C-7 alkyl positions of DMAPP and GPP, respectively, in contrast to other animal prenyltransferases but in keeping with the enzyme's presumptive role in homologous JH metabolism.