Plastid protein import and sorting: different paths to the same compartments |
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Authors: | Cline Kenneth Dabney-Smith Carole |
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Institution: | Horticultural Sciences Department and Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, 1109 Fifield Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States. |
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Abstract: | Chloroplasts contain several thousand different proteins, of which more than 95% are encoded on nuclear genes, synthesized in the cytosol as precursor proteins, and imported into the organelle. The major pathways for import and routing have been described; a general import apparatus in the chloroplast envelope and several ancestral translocases in the thylakoid membranes. In this update we focus on some interesting and emerging areas: the Tat translocase, which operates in parallel with the Sec system but transports folded proteins; different routes to the envelope membranes, which promises an understanding of the ways the Tic apparatus sorts transmembrane domains (TMDs) and may also uncover developmental relationships between envelope and thylakoids; and novel routes for proteins into chloroplasts including delivery from the secretory system. |
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