Ca2+ signaling,apoptosis and autophagy in the developing cochlea: Milestones to hearing acquisition |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;2. Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research, 35129 Padua, Italy;3. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council, 00015 Monterotondo, (RM), Italy;4. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Italian National Research Council, 80131 Naples (NA), Italy;1. Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary;2. Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada;1. Translational Research Unit, Research and Development Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Co., Ltd., Japan;2. Research Functions Unit, Research and Development Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Co., Ltd., Japan;3. Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan;1. Department of Otolaryngology Neck and Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China;2. Department of Otolaryngology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center,Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322-3030, USA;3. Yerkes National Primate Research Center,Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322-3030, USA;4. Department of Otolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China;1. Research Unit in Neurodevelopment, Institute of Neurobiology, Autonomous University of Mexico, Querétaro 76230, Mexico;2. Sleep Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico;3. Department of Fetal Medicine and Surgery, Children’s and Women’s Specialty Hospital of Querétaro, 76090, Mexico;4. Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous Mexico State University, 50170, Mexico;1. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA;2. Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA;3. Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA;4. Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China;5. Department of Otolaryngology, Tinnitus and Hyperacusis Center, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China |
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| Abstract: | In mammals, the sense of hearing arises through a complex sequence of morphogenetic events that drive the sculpting of the auditory sensory epithelium into its terminally functional three-dimensional shape. While the majority of the underlying mechanisms remain unknown, it has become increasingly clear that Ca2+ signaling is at center stage and plays numerous fundamental roles both in the sensory hair cells and in the matrix of non-sensory, epithelial and supporting cells, which embed them and are tightly interconnected by a dense network of gap junctions formed by connexin 26 (Cx26) and connexin 30 (Cx30) protein subunits. In this review, we discuss the intricate interplay between Ca2+ signaling, connexin expression and function, apoptosis and autophagy in the crucial steps that lead to hearing acquisition. |
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| Keywords: | Peripheral auditory system Development Morphogenesis Caspase-3 Mitochondria Greater epithelial ridge Lesser epithelial ridge ATP Spiral ganglion neurons Inner hair cells Outer hair cells Connexins Deafness Mouse models |
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