Human-mediated introgression of exotic chukar (Alectoris chukar, Galliformes) genes from East Asia into native Mediterranean partridges |
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Authors: | Filippo Barbanera Monica Guerrini Aleem A. Khan Panicos Panayides Pantelis Hadjigerou Christos Sokos Sundev Gombobaatar Sarah Samadi Bakht Y. Khan Sergio Tofanelli Giorgio Paoli Fernando Dini |
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Affiliation: | 1. Department of Biology, Protistology-Zoology Unit, Via A. Volta 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy 2. Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan 3. Cypriot Game Fund Service, Ministry of Interior, 1453, Nicosia, Cyprus 4. Hunting Federation of Macedonia-Thrace, Ethnikis Antistaseos 173-175, 55134, Thessaloniki, Greece 5. Department of Zoology, National University of Mongolia, P.O. Box 537, 210646A, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 6. Department of Molecular Biology, Environment Conservation Center, Doulat boulvard, 94149, Bojnord, North Khorasan, Islamic Republic of Iran 7. Department of Biology, Anthropology Unit, Via S. Maria 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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Abstract: | Mediterranean red-legged (Alectoris rufa) and rock (Alectoris graeca) partridge populations are affected by genetic pollution. The chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar), a species only partly native to Europe, is the most frequently introgressive taxon detected in the genome of hybrid partridges. Both theoretical (evolutionary) and practical (resources management) matters spur to get insight into the geographic origin of the A. chukar hybridizing swarm. The phenotypic A. rufa populations colonizing the easternmost part of the distribution range of this species, the islands of Elba (Italy) and Corsica (France), were investigated. The analysis of both mitochondrial (mtDNA: Cytochrome-b gene plus Control Region: 2,250 characters) and nuclear (Short Tandem Repeats, STR; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA, RAPD) genomes of 25 wild (Elba) and 20 captive (Corsica) partridges, disclosed spread introgression of chukar origin also in these populations. All mtDNA haplotypes of Elba and Corsica partridges along with those we obtained from other A. rufa (total, n = 111: Italy, Spain, France) and A. graeca (n = 6, Italy), were compared with the mtDNA haplotypes of chukars (n = 205) sampled in 20 countries. It was found that the A. chukar genes detected in red-legged (n = 43) and rock partridges (n = 4) of Spain, France and Italy as well as in either introduced (Italy) or native (Greece, Turkey) chukars (n = 35) were all from East Asia. Hence, a well-defined geographic origin of the exotic chukar genes polluting the genome of native Mediterranean A. rufa and A. graeca (inter-specific level) as well as A. chukar (intra-specific level), was demonstrated. |
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Keywords: | Alectoris chukar Alectoris graeca Alectoris rufa Anthropogenic hybridization Mitochondrial DNA Partridges RAPD STR Translocated species |
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