Effects of aggregative behaviour on the bioenergetics of the freshwater predatory leech Nephelopsis obscura (Erpobdellidae)

1. Supplied with ad libitum prey, the effects of different group sizes (one, five, ten, twenty-five, fifty or 100) on the acquisition and allocation of energy were examined over the entire life cycle of the freshwater predatory leech Nephelopsis obscura , to evaluate the bioenergetic costs and/or benefits of aggregation.
2. In terms of growth, asymptotic biomass and ingestion, group sizes larger than one and less than ten are optimal. As group size increases from ten to 100, N. obscura has slower growth and lower weekly food ingestion, suggesting interference competition. Single leeches had lower food consumption than group sizes of less than 100 animals. With a lower asymptotic biomass, single leeches have lower fecundity and presumed lower fitness. Lipid deposition was unaffected by group size.
3. Size- and time-specific respiration rates declined with increasing group size. For group sizes between five and fifty, the same relative proportion of ingested energy was allocated to respiration. Above this threshold group size, leeches allocated a higher proportion of ingested energy to growth, i.e. had higher growth efficiency, as did leeches cultured individually.
4. In the largest group size, total time spent in activity was highest (reflecting the high degree of interference between conspecifics), but as a result of the lower hourly costs of respiration they allocated a lower proportion of ingested energy to total respiration.
5. Optimum group size of N. obscura in the laboratory is within the typical range of group sizes found on stony shores in the field.