Guilds of mycorrhizal fungi and their relation to trees,ericads, orchids and liverworts in a neotropical mountain rain forest |
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| Institution: | 1. Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Spezielle Botanik, Mykologie und Botanischer Garten, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany;2. Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, D-70191 Stuttgart, Germany;3. Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto s/n C.P. 11 01 608, Loja, Ecuador;1. Agroecology, University of Göttingen, Waldweg 26, 37073 Göttingen;1. Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil;2. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, 22460-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;1. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biologia, Rua Ceará s/n, Bloco 2D, Campus Umuarama, CEP 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil;2. Universität Oldenburg, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Oldenburg, Germany;3. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama;1. KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Ecological Chemistry Group, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden;2. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, P.O. Box, 7044, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;3. KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, School of Biotechnology, Division of Environmental Microbiology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden;4. Sojo University, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Department of Applied Microbial Technology, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan;5. Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan;6. Tartu University, Institute of Technology, Division of Organic Chemistry, Tartu 50411, Estonia;1. Department of Irrigation, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo-Murcia, Spain;2. Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo-Murcia, Spain;1. School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;2. Department of Forestry and Wildland Resources, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA 95521, USA |
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| Abstract: | Mycorrhizas of vascular plants and mycorrhiza-like associations of liverworts and hornworts are integral parts of terrestrial ecosystems, but have rarely been studied in tropical mountain rain forests. The tropical mountain rain forest area of the Reserva Biológica San Francisco in South Ecuador situated on the eastern slope of the Cordillera El Consuelo is exceptionally rich in tree species, ericads and orchids, but also in liverworts. Previous light and electron microscopical studies revealed that tree roots are well colonized by structurally diverse Glomeromycota, and that epiphytic, pleurothallid orchids form mycorrhizas with members of the Tulasnellales and the Sebacinales (Basidiomycota). Sebacinales also occurred in mycorrhizas of hemiepiphytic ericads and Tulasnellales were found in liverworts belonging to the Aneuraceae. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized that symbiotic fungi with a broad host range created shared guilds or even fungal networks between different plant species and plant families. To test this hypothesis, molecular phylogenetic studies of the fungi associated with roots and thalli were carried out using sequences of the nuclear rDNA coding for the small subunit rRNA (nucSSU) of Glomeromycota and the large subunit rRNA (nucLSU) of Basidiomycota. Sequence analyses showed that Sebacinales and Tulasnellales were only shared within but not between ericads and orchids or between liverworts and orchids, respectively. Regarding arbuscular-mycorrhiza-forming trees, however, 18 out of 33 Glomus sequence types were shared by two to four tree species belonging to distinct families. Nearly all investigated trees shared one sequence type with another tree individual. Host range and potential shared guilds appeared to be restricted to the plant family level for Basidiomycota, but were covering diverse plant families in case of Glomeromycota. Given that the sequence types as defined here correspond to fungal species, our findings indicate potential fungal networks between trees. |
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