Four years in the Caucasus – observations on the ecology of nivicolous myxomycetes |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Soldmannstr. 15, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany;2. V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov St. 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia;1. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain;2. Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway;1. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;2. Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;1. Micoteca URM Culture Collection (WDCM 604), Brazil;2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Fungos, Departamento de Micologia, CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Professor Nelson Chaves, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil;3. Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade/DBG, ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP 486, 30161-970 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil;4. Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada e Fitoquímica, Departamento de Botânica, CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil;5. Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA;1. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Microbiologia, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil;2. Faculdade de Minas (FAMINAS-BH), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31744-007, Brazil;3. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Novo Horizonte, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil;4. Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Biologia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil;5. Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Departamento de Química, 30421-169, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil;6. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | Abundance and habitat requirements of nivicolous myxomycetes were surveyed over 4 yr at the northwestern Greater Caucasus ridge (Russia). An elevational transect spanning 3.66 km from 1 700 to 3 000 m a.s.l. was established at the summit Malaya Khatipara situated within the Teberda State Biosphere reserve. Between 2010 and 2013 1177 fructifications of nivicolous myxomycetes were recorded, with 700 of these determined to 44 species, varieties, and forms. Virtually all fructifications developed near or at the margin of a snow field. Abundance of myxomycete fructifications varied extremely between years, ranging from near zero to hundreds of colonies. At sites with known myxomycete occurrences 16 data loggers were installed in the years 2011 and 2012, measuring relative humidity and temperature at the soil surface. Together with weather data recorded on the nearby Klukhor pass and experiments with myxamoebae cultured on agar, these data explain the observed extreme fluctuations in myxomycete abundance. A sudden frost (one night below ?10 °C) occurring before the first lasting snow in Nov. 2011 was most likely the reason for the nearly complete absence of myxomycete fruiting in spring 2012. Culture experiments showed that amoebae survived a slow decrease in temperature, as occurs under a sheltering snow cover, but are killed by sudden freezing. Extreme temperature changes recorded at the margin of snow fields explain why nivicolous myxomycetes must fruit before snow melt is complete, and the different transmittance of snow packs for light of different wave lengths may be crucial for triggering the formation of fruiting bodies. The high abundance of fructifications in nivicolous myxomycetes suggests them to be important predators of microbial communities under snow. |
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| Keywords: | Alpine ecosystems Microhabitat Myxogastria Snow cover Snowbank myxomycetes |
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