Removal of secondary compounds increases invertebrate abundance in lichens |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden;2. Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway;1. Department of Genetics and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China;2. Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China;1. Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang, Malang, Indonesia;2. School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia;3. Medical School, Technical University of Manabi, Portoviejo, Ecuador;4. Department of General Surgery, Weston General Hospital, Weston-super Mare, Somerset, United Kingdom;1. Urban Forestry Program, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA;2. USDA/ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD 21702 USA;1. School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada;2. Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, P.B. 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;1. Iwate Prefectural Forest Technology Center, 560-11 Kemuyama, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3623, Japan;2. The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan;3. Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan;4. Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 2 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan;5. Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan;6. Tsumura Central Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan;7. Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan;8. Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakabamachi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan |
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| Abstract: | We investigated how lichen carbon-based secondary compounds (CBSCs) affect abundance of invertebrates in five lichen species growing on the forest floor (Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia stellaris) or on tree trunks (Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia physodes, Pseudevernia furfuracea). To do this, CBSCs were removed by rinsing lichen thalli in acetone (which has no adverse effects on the lichens) and the lichens were re-transplanted in their natural habitat. After 4 months there was higher abundance of mites, springtails and spiders in the three epiphytic lichens that had their CBSC concentrations reduced. The increase in predatory spiders following CBSC reduction suggests that the compounds have multitrophic consequences. The acetone treatment reduced the number of nematodes in four of the lichen species. Given that lichens serve as important habitats for a diverse range of invertebrates, increased knowledge of how lichen CBSCs may regulate their abundance helps us to better understand the role that lichens and their defence compounds play in structuring forest food webs. |
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| Keywords: | Acari Boreal forest Collembola Diplopoda Herbivory Nematoda Phenolic compounds Plant defence Araneae Tardigrada |
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