The system of preventive measures in long space flights

The article summarizes the results of the development of preventive measures (PMs) performed by the team headed by Academician O.G. Gazenko (winner of the State Prize), as well as some data obtained in the following years at the Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where these measures were further developed. The system of prevention of adverse changes in the body of cosmonauts, which was first developed in Russia, provided successful implementation of long-term space flights (SFs) on board series of orbital stations (OSs) Salyut and the station Mir, which lasted from 64 to 438 days. This system includes performing physical exercises on a treadmill and bicycle ergometer, axial loading along the longitudinal axis of the human body by means of a Penguin suit, application of negative pressure to the lower part of the body by means of a pneumatic-vacuum spacesuit Chibis, and some other means. This system proved to be highly efficient, preventing or considerably decreasing the negative effects of microgravity throughout and after prolonged space flights.