Reevaluation of hemorrhagic toxin, HR-I, from Agkistrodon halys blomhoffii venom: proof of proteolytic enzyme |
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| Authors: | T Nikai E Oguri M Kishida H Sugihara N Mori A T Tu |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Microbiology, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan;2. Department of Biochemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A.;1. Department of Life Sciences and Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea;2. Laboratory of Animal Behaviour and Conservation, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People’s Republic of China;3. Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea;1. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL 35762, USA;2. Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;3. United States Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Huntsville, AL 35762, USA;4. The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, ID 83709, USA;1. The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China;2. Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China;3. Xianju TCM Hospital, Taizhou, China;4. Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Hangzhou, China;5. Experimental and Training Center, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, China;6. Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany;1. Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil;2. IKIAM - Universidad Regional Amazónica, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador;3. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil;4. Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular (CBSM), Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Casilla 721, Talca, Chile;5. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), CEBio, Fiocruz Rondônia and Federal University of Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil;6. International Network of Ecuadorian Snakes Venom Studies (RIEVSE), Ecuador;1. State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China;2. Department of Neurology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218, China |
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| Abstract: | HR-I is a hemorrhagic toxin originally isolated from Agkistrodon halys blomhoffii (Mamushi) venom by Oshima et al. (1972). It was reported by the original investigators that it was nonproteolytic when casein was used as the substrate. HR-I was isolated again and proteolytic activity was tested using different substrates and assay methods. It is shown that HR-I is indeed a proteolytic enzyme hydrolyzing a number of peptide bonds. This present investigation suggests that more than one method should be used for proteolytic enzyme assay of hemorrhagic toxins. Toxicological and biochemical properties of HR-I were further investigated and are reported in this paper. |
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