The influence of plant growth regulator concentrations and callus age on somaclonal variation in callus culture regenerants of strawberry

The effect of plant growth regulator concentrations and ageing of callus on the extent and nature of variation among callus culture regenerants of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cv. Redcoat was examined. Plants regenerated from callus culture had reduced plant vigour, shorter petiole length and smaller leaf size, but more leaves and runners under greenhouse conditions. These responses appeared to be due to a physiological influence of plant growth regulators. No distinct phenotypic variants were observed at plant growth regulator concentrations in the range of 1–10 M each of BA and 2,4-d combination, but the highest concentration (20 M each) of this combination produced a high frequency (10%) of dwarf type variants. The dwarf nature of these variants was maintained in the runner plants produced by the primary regenerants. The plants regenerated from 8-week-old calli did not show any distinct morphological variants. However, a significant proportion of deformed leaf shape (6–13%) and yellow leaf (21–29%) variants was obtained among plants regenerated from 16 and 24-week-old calli. The primary regenerants of the leaf shape variants were established as chimeras. The chimeric plants produced runner progeny with normal plants and plants with completely distorted leaf morphology. Both leaf shape and yellow leaf variants remained stable through runner propagation. Isozyme analysis failed to distinguish any of the variants from the standard runner plants. Flow cytometric analysis indicated the aneuploid nature of leaf shape variants but it could not distinguish dwarf and yellow leaf variants from standard runner plants.