Molecular phylogeny,pigment composition,toxicology and life history of Pseudochattonella cf. verruculosa (Class Dictyochophyceae) from Wellington Harbour,New Zealand |
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| Institution: | 1. National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd., P.O. Box 14-901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6241, New Zealand;2. School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;1. Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea;2. South Sea Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, South Korea;3. Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea;1. VERIFIN, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland;2. Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre, Erik Palménin aukio 1, FI-00560, Helsinki, Finland;3. IRTA, Carretera de Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Rápita, Spain;4. Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106, Oslo, Norway;5. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316, Oslo, Norway;6. Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570, Bremerhaven, Germany;1. College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China;2. Botanic Garden Meise, 1860 Meise, Belgium;3. Phycology Research Group, Biology Department, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;4. Allan Herbarium, Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand;5. Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China;6. Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;1. Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea;2. Spanish Bank of Algae (BEA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Muelle de Taliarte s/n, 35214, Telde, Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, Spain;3. Botany Department, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany;4. Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 USA;1. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea;2. Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-270, Republic of Korea;3. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea;1. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea;2. Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 443-270, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | Pseudochattonella verruculosa is a heterokont flagellate and has frequently been found associated with multi-species harmful algal blooms in Wellington Harbour. In this study the partial sequences of the nuclear encoded LSU rDNA and the large subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) of Pseudochattonella isolated from Wellington Harbour indicate that it is similar to P. verruculosa, while sequences of mitochondrial encoded COI, are similar to those of Pseudochattonella farcimen. As with P. farcimen, the Wellington Pseudochattonella lacked violaxanthin, lutein and anteroxanthin, three pigments detected only in P. verruculosa. The Wellington isolate also contains zeaxanthin which is absent in P. farcimen. Among all Pseudochattonella, cells of the Wellington isolate are the most variable in terms of both size and shape. Mucocysts of the Wellington Pseudochattonella also have the greatest degree of variation – from small, ‘bullet’-shape to large oval, oblong or ‘sausage’-like. In the sexual reproduction phase two gametes of the Wellington isolate fuse to form a zygote which gives rise to a large multi-nucleate cell. At times two or more of these large multi-nucleate cells fuse further to form a ‘massive’, plasmodium-like aggregate (up to 200 μm long). Positive feeding and toxicity tests on rotifers confirmed that the Wellington Pseudochattonella is cytotoxic and probably also contributed to the May 2010 fish kills. As molecular phylogenies do not conclusively support the separation of the Wellington Harbour Pseudochattonella from P. verruculosa or P. farcimen, it is tentatively named as Pseudochattonella cf. verruculosa. |
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| Keywords: | Life cycle Molecular phylogeny Multinucleate cell Pigment composition Plasmodium-like aggregate Toxicity |
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