Sampling harmful benthic dinoflagellates: Comparison of artificial and natural substrate methods |
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| Institution: | 1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA;2. Program Sains Laut, Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran dan Sumber Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi Selangor, Malaysia;3. Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malyasia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia;4. Aquatic Sciences Program, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia;5. IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, Department of Phycology and Mycology, Øster Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark;6. Institute of Oceanography and Maritime Studies, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia;7. Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA;1. Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Qingdao 266061, PR China;2. Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, HNAU, Changsha 410128, PR China;1. Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Via S’Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy;2. Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy;1. Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, 200-Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi 7838502, Japan;2. Division of Endoscopy and Ultrasonography, Department of Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki-City, Okayama 7010192, Japan;3. Micro-world Services, Minami-Otsuka, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 1700005, Japan;1. School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia;2. Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia;3. Sydney Institute of Marine Sciences, New South Wales 2088, Australia;4. Australian Centre for Astrobiology, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia;5. Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand;6. Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia;7. Microalgal Services, 308 Tucker Road, Ormond, VIC 3204, Australia;8. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia;1. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSU-CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Villefranche sur mer, France;2. Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ECOMERS, Parc Valrose 28, Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice, France |
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| Abstract: | This study compared two collection methods for Gambierdiscus and other benthic harmful algal bloom (BHAB) dinoflagellates, an artificial substrate method and the traditional macrophyte substrate method. Specifically, we report the results of a series of field experiments in tropical environments designed to address the correlation of benthic dinoflagellate abundance on artificial substrate and those on adjacent macrophytes. The data indicated abundance of BHAB dinoflagellates associated with new, artificial substrate was directly related to the overall abundance of BHAB cells on macrophytes in the surrounding environment. There was no difference in sample variability among the natural and artificial substrates. BHAB dinoflagellate abundance on artificial substrates reached equilibrium with the surrounding population within 24 h. Calculating cell abundance normalized to surface area of artificial substrate, rather than to the wet weight of macrophytes, eliminates complications related to the mass of different macrophyte species, problems of macrophyte preference by BHAB dinoflagellates and allows data to be compared across studies. The protocols outlined in this study are the first steps to a standardized sampling method for BHAB dinoflagellates that can support a cell-based monitoring program for ciguatera fish poisoning. While this study is primarily concerned with the ciguatera-associated genus Gambierdiscus, we also include data on the abundance of benthic Prorocentrum and Ostreopsis cells. |
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| Keywords: | Ciguatera fish poisoning Cell-based monitoring |
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