The relationship between the spectral diversity of satellite imagery,habitat heterogeneity,and plant species richness |
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| Institution: | 1. Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1490, United States;2. Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, D-76829 Landau, Germany;3. Department of Disturbance Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany;4. Department of Biogeography, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany;1. Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S Michele allAdige, TN, Italy;2. Centro de Investigación Cientifica de Yucatán A.C., Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Calle 43 130, Colonia Chuburna de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200 Merida, Yucatan, Mexico;3. Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071, USA;1. Department of Agro-Environmental and Territorial Sciences, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;2. Department of Economy, University of Foggia, Largo Papa Giovanni Paolo II, 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy;3. School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;4. CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Underwood Ave, Floreat, WA 6014, Australia;5. National Research Council — Institute of Intelligent Systems for Automation (CNR-ISSIA), Via G. Amendola 122, 70126 Bari, Italy;6. Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, The University of NSW, High Street, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia;7. School of Development, Azim Premji University, PES Institute of Technology Campus, Pixel Park, B Block, Electronics City, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560100, India;8. Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S Michele all'' Adige, TN, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Assessment of habitat heterogeneity and plant species richness at the landscape scale is often based on intensive and extensive fieldwork at great cost of time and money. We evaluated the use of satellite imagery as a quantitative measure of the relationship between the spectral diversity of satellite imagery, habitat heterogeneity, and plant species richness. A 16 km2 portion of a military training area in Germany was systematically sampled by plant taxonomic experts on a grid of one hundred 1-ha plots. The diversity of disturbance types, resulting habitat heterogeneity, and plant species richness were determined for each plot. Using an IKONOS multispectral satellite image, we examined 168 metrics of spectral diversity as potential indicators of those independent variables. Across all potential relationships, a simple count of values per spectral band per plot, after compressing the data from the original 11-bit format with 2048 potential values per band into a maximum of 100 values per band, resulted in the most consistent predictor for various metrics of habitat heterogeneity and plant species richness. The count of values in the green band generally out-performed the other bands. The relationship between spectral diversity and plant species richness was stronger than for measures of habitat heterogeneity. Based on the results, we conclude that remotely sensed assessment of spectral diversity, when coupled with limited ground-truthing, can provide reasonable estimates of habitat heterogeneity and plant species richness across broad areas. |
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