Effects of nutrient-limiting supply ratios on toxin content of Karenia brevis grown in continuous culture |
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| Institution: | 1. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Evidence and Assessment, Richview, Clonskeagh Road, Dublin 14, Ireland;2. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Evidence and Assessment, John Moore Road, Castlebar, Co. Mayo, Ireland;3. Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland;1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;2. The Belle W. Baruch for Marine and Coastal Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;3. Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate School, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA;1. Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 100 8th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA;2. Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA;3. Department of Physical Sciences, The College of William & Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA;4. Department of Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA;5. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Environmental Laboratory, 2020 Horn Point Road, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA;6. College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA;1. Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Centre de Sfax, Rue Madagascar, BP 1035, CP 3018, Sfax, Tunisia;2. Faculté des Sciences Économiques et de Gestion de Sfax, Route de l’Aéroport Km 4, BP 1088, CP 3018, Sfax, Tunisia;3. Laboratoire de Multimedia, InfoRmation Systems and Advanced Computing Laboratory, Pôle technologique de Sfax, Route de Tunis Km 10, BP 242, CP 3021, Sfax, Tunisia;4. Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer (INSTM), 28 rue 2 mars 1934, Salammbô 2025, Tunis, Tunisia;5. Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Route Sidi Mansour Km 6, BP 1177, CP 3018, Sfax, Tunisia |
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| Abstract: | Toxins produced as secondary metabolites can play important roles in phytoplankton communities and contribute to the ecological success of harmful algal bloom (HAB) taxa. Toxin composition and content in phytoplankton are affected by a suite of environmental factors, including nutrient availability. Changes in nutrient availability can increase or decrease toxin content and alter toxin composition, depending on toxin stoichiometry and the mechanisms by which nutrient limitation affects toxin production. The studies that have assessed the effects of nutrient availability on brevetoxin content of the HAB species Karenia brevis have reported contradictory results, although there is growing support that nutrient limitation increases brevetoxin content. In this study, we assessed the effects of decreased nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability on brevetoxin content and composition of K. brevis grown in chemostats at steady state by altering the nutrient supply ratios of incoming media from the Redfield Ratio. Overall, brevetoxin content was greatest in cultures grown at the lowest rate, regardless of the nutrient supply ratio (i.e., under both Redfield and N-limiting supply ratios). Compared to cultures grown at 0.2 d?1, cultures grown at 0.1 d?1 exhibited 5-fold increases in intracellular toxin content. In contrast, at constant growth rates, N-limiting supply ratios decreased intracellular brevetoxin content by approximately one-third, although this result was significant only in cultures growing at the fastest rate of 0.23 d?1. P-limiting supply ratios had no effect on brevetoxin content or composition. In addition, when cultures grown at rates of 0.2 d?1 were supplied with balanced/Redfield N:P supply ratios, but different absolute nutrient concentrations, toxin content was greater under greater nutrient concentrations. These findings suggest that when growth rate is not nutrient limited, there is a positive relationship between nutrient availability and brevetoxin content. This work contributes to previous studies by demonstrating strong growth rates effects on brevetoxin content and that growth rate and nutrient availability can independently or together affect toxin content of K. brevis. Moreover, our work underscores the value of the chemostat as a tool to elucidate the mechanisms by which nutrient availability and growth rate affect toxin production and content of HAB species. |
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| Keywords: | Harmful algal blooms Brevetoxin Chemostat Nitrogen Phosphorus Growth rate |
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