Effects of temperature,salinity and their interaction on growth of Japanese Gambierdiscus spp. (Dinophyceae) |
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| Affiliation: | 1. LAQUES (Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science), Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan;2. The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan;1. Microalgas Nocivas (VGO-HAB), Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain;2. Aquatic Ecology, Biology Building, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden;1. School of Geographical and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China;2. Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;3. NOAA/NOS, Marine Biotoxins Program, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA;4. State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;5. Fisheries Division, Ministry of Fisheries & Marine Resources Development, Republic of Kiribati;1. Ifremer, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France;2. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research (CCFHR),101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA;3. Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain;4. LAQUES (Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science), Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan;5. Institute of Oceanography, VAST, Cauda 01, Vinh Nguyen, Nha Trang, Viet Nam;6. LUNAM, University of Nantes, MMS EA2160, Pharmacy Faculty, 9 rue Bias, F-44035 Nantes, France;1. College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;2. Centre of Sustainable Tropical Fisheries & Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;3. ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;4. Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland;1. Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), Carretera a Castillo de Jagua Km 1 ½ Ciudad Nuclear AP, 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba;2. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA;3. Ifremer, Laboratory of Environment and Resources Western Britanny, Coastal Research Unit, Place de la Croix, B.P. 40537, 29185, Concarneau Cedex, France;4. Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390, Vigo, Spain;5. Environment Laboratories, Department of Nuclear Science and Application, International Atomic Energy Agency, 98000, Monaco;6. Ocean Tester, LLC, 295 Dills Point Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA |
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| Abstract: | Marine toxic dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus are the causative agents of ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), a seafood poisoning that is widespread in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world. In the main island of Japan, distributions of Gambierdiscus australes, Gambierdiscus scabrosus and two phylotypes of Gambierdiscus spp. type 2 and type 3, have been reported. To discuss the bloom dynamics of these Japanese species/phylotypes of Gambierdiscus, first we tested six culture media to optimize growth conditions and then clarified the effects of temperature and salinity and temperature–salinity interactions on growth. All strains of the species/phylotypes tested showed the highest cell yields when they were cultivated in IMK/2 medium. G. australes, G. scabrosus and Gambierdiscus sp. type 2 grew in the range 17.5–30 °C, whereas Gambierdiscus sp. type 3 grew in 15–25 °C. The semi-optimal temperature ranges (≥80% of the maximal growth rate) of the former three species/phylotypes were 19–28 °C, 24–31 °C and 21–28 °C, respectively, whereas that of the latter phylotype was 22–25 °C. Hence, Gambierdiscus sp. type 3 may be adapted to relatively lower water temperatures of ≤25 °C. In contrast, G. australes, G. scabrosus and Gambierdiscus sp. type 2 presumably possess adaptability to relatively high water temperatures. The optimal temperature for G. scabrosus was 30 °C, whereas the optimal temperature for the others was 25 °C. G. australes and Gambierdiscus sp. type 3 grew in a salinity range of 25–40 whereas G. scabrosus and Gambierdiscus sp. type 2 grew in salinity 20–40. Furthermore, the semi-optimal salinity range of G. australes, G. scabrosus, Gambierdiscus spp. type 2 and type 3 were salinity 27–38, 24–36, 22–36 and 29–37, respectively. Among the species/phylotypes, G. scabrosus and Gambierdiscus sp. type 2 grew even at salinity 20 where the others did not grow, thus possessing adaptability to low salinity waters. Our results clearly demonstrate that the optimal and tolerable temperature–salinity conditions differ among Japanese Gambierdiscus species/phylotypes. Considering these results, temperature–salinity interactions may play an important role in bloom dynamics and the distribution of the Gambierdiscus species/phylotypes in Japanese coastal waters. |
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| Keywords: | Ciguatera Growth Temperature Salinity |
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