Environmental filtering affects soil fungal community composition more than dispersal limitation at regional scales |
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| Institution: | 1. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;2. Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;1. National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China;2. Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China;3. College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China;4. Qiyang Red Soil Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiyang 426182, PR China;1. Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA;2. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA;3. Monsanto, St. Louis, MO, 63146, USA;4. Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA;5. BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA;6. Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA;7. Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA;1. State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Beijing Road 71, Nanjing 210008, China;2. Division of Agrifood and Environment, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK;3. Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China |
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| Abstract: | The relative importance of dispersal limitation versus environmental filtering for community assembly has received much attention for macroorganisms. These processes have only recently been examined in microbial communities. Instead, microbial dispersal has mostly been measured as community composition change over space (i.e., distance decay). Here we directly examined fungal composition in airborne wind currents and soil fungal communities across a 40 000 km2 regional landscape to determine if dispersal limitation or abiotic factors were structuring soil fungal communities. Over this landscape, neither airborne nor soil fungal communities exhibited compositional differences due to geographic distance. Airborne fungal communities shifted temporally while soil fungal communities were correlated with abiotic parameters. These patterns suggest that environmental filtering may have the largest influence on fungal regional community assembly in soils, especially for aerially dispersed fungal taxa. Furthermore, we found evidence that dispersal of fungal spores differs between fungal taxa and can be both a stochastic and deterministic process. The spatial range of soil fungal taxa was correlated with their average regional abundance across all sites, which may imply stochastic dispersal mechanisms. Nevertheless, spore volume was also negatively correlated with spatial range for some species. Smaller volume spores may be adapted to long-range dispersal, or establishment, suggesting that deterministic fungal traits may also influence fungal distributions. Fungal life-history traits may influence their distributions as well. Hypogeous fungal taxa exhibited high local abundance, but small spatial ranges, while epigeous fungal taxa had lower local abundance, but larger spatial ranges. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to directly sample air dispersal and soil fungal communities simultaneously across a regional landscape. We provide some of the first evidence that soil fungal communities are mostly assembled through environmental filtering and experience little dispersal limitation. |
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| Keywords: | Community assembly Dispersal limitation Establishment Species sorting Spore morphology |
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