Mapping ecosystem services: The supply and demand of flood regulation services in Europe |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;2. Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;3. Water Insight, Postbus 435, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands;1. Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE) Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Technopôle Arbois-Méditerranée Bât. Villemin–BP 80, F-13545 Aix-en-Provence, France;2. Irstea, Mediterranean Ecosystems and Risk Research Unit, UR EMAX, 3275 Route de Cézanne, CS 40061, 1382 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 05, France;3. Social-Ecological Systems Laboratory, Department Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin, 2–C-201 (Biology Fac.), Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain;1. State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China;2. College of Resources Science and Technology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China;3. Satellite Environment Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100094, People’s Republic of China;4. Joint Center for Global Change and China Green Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China;1. Suzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou 215155, China;2. Suzhou Administrative Institution, Suzhou 215155, China;3. Institute of Applied Ecology, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China;4. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar;5. Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China |
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| Abstract: | Ecosystem services (ES) feature highly distinctive spatial and temporal patterns of distribution, quantity, and flows. The flow of ecosystem goods and services to beneficiaries plays a decisive role in the valuation of ES and the successful implementation of the ES concept in environmental planning. This is particularly relevant to regulating services where demands emerge often spatially separated from supply. However, spatial patterns of both supply and demand are rarely incorporated in ES assessments on continental scales. In this paper, we present an ES modeling approach with low data demand, fit to be employed in scenario analysis and on multiple scales. We analyze flood regulation services at a European scale by explicitly addressing the spatial distribution of ES demand. A flood regulation supply indicator is developed based on scenario runs with a hydrological model in representative river catchments, incorporating detailed information on land, cover, land use and management. Land use sensitive flood damage estimates in the European Union (EU) are employed to develop a spatial indicator for flood regulation demand. Findings are transferred to the EU territory to create a map of the current supply of flood regulation and the potential supply under conditions of natural vegetation. Regions with a high capacity to provide flood regulation are mainly characterized by large patches of natural vegetation or extensive agriculture. The main factor limiting supply on a continental scale is a low water holding capacity of the soil. Flood regulation demand is highest in central Europe, at the foothills of the Alps and upstream of agglomerations. We were able to identify areas with a high potential capacity to provide flood regulation in conjunction with land use modifications. When combined with spatial patterns of current supply and demand, we could identify priority areas for investments in ES flood regulation supply through conservation and land use planning. We found that only in a fraction of the EU river catchments exhibiting a high demand, significant increases in flood regulation supply are achievable by means of land use modifications. |
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| Keywords: | Flood regulation Europe Land use Supply and demand indicators Modeling Hydrology |
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