Evidence of trophic transfer of microcystins from the gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis to the fish Gasterosteus aculeatus |
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| Institution: | 1. Unité de Recherche Interactions Animal-Environnement, EA 4689, Bat 18, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 REIMS Cedex 2, France;2. UMR CNRS 6553, University of Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France;3. National Institute for Industrial Environnement and Risks, Verneuil sur Halatte, France;4. UMR INRA Bio3P, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France;1. Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Boston, MA, USA;2. Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;3. Department of Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA;4. Department of Surgery, St. Elizabeth''s Medical Centre, Boston, MA, USA;5. Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA;6. Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Boston, MA, USA;7. Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;1. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China;2. Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Freshwater Fishery Healthy Breeding Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313001, China;3. Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi 214081, China;1. Pontifícia Universidade Católica – Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Chemistry Department, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, CEP 22453-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;2. Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458 - Urca, CEP 22290-240, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;1. Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;2. INCT-INPeTAm/CNPq/MCT, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | According to our previous results the gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis exposed to MC-producing cyanobacteria accumulates microcystins (MCs) both as free and covalently bound forms in its tissues, therefore representing a potential risk of MC transfer through the food web. This study demonstrates in a laboratory experiment the transfer of free and bound MCs from L. stagnalis intoxicated by MC-producing Planktothrix agardhii ingestion to the fish Gasterosteus aculeatus. Fish were fed during five days with digestive glands of L. stagnalis containing various concentrations of free and bound MCs, then with toxin-free digestive glands during a 5-day depuration period. MC accumulation was measured in gastropod digestive gland and in various fish organs (liver, muscle, kidney, and gills). The impact on fish was evaluated through detoxification enzyme (glutathion-S-transferase, glutathion peroxydase and superoxyde dismutase) activities, hepatic histopathology, and modifications in gill ventilation, feeding and locomotion. G. aculeatus ingestion rate was similar with intoxicated and toxin-free diet. Fish accumulated MCs (up to 3.96 ± 0.14 μg g?1 DW) in all organs and in decreasing order in liver, muscle, kidney and gills. Hepatic histopathology was moderate. Glutathion peroxydase was activated in gills during intoxication suggesting a slight reactive oxygen species production, but without any impact on gill ventilation. Intoxication via ingestion of MC-intoxicated snails impacted fish locomotion. Intoxicated fish remained significantly less mobile than controls during the intoxication period possibly due to a lower health condition, whereas they showed a greater mobility during the depuration period that might be related to an acute foraging for food. During depuration, MC elimination was total in gills and kidney, but partial in liver and muscle. Our results assess the MC transfer from gastropods to fish and the potential risk induced by bound MCs in the food web. |
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| Keywords: | Accumulation Cyanotoxin Free and bound microcystins Fish Food web Gastropod Transfer |
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