Association of Geosmithia fungi (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) with pine- and spruce-infesting bark beetles in Poland |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Agricultural University of Cracow, Department of Forest Pathology, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Cracow, Poland;2. Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Praha 4, Czech Republic;3. Department of Forest Protection, Forest Entomology and Climatology, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Cracow, Poland;1. Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA;2. School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA;3. Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA;1. Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan;2. Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), 92-25 Nabeyashiki, Shimo-kuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0123, Japan;3. Faculty of Regional Environmental Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan;4. Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Fl-00014 Helsinki, Finland;1. Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;2. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;3. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Athens, GA 30602, USA;4. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Moscow, ID 83843, USA;5. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;1. School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA;2. Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA;3. Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA;4. College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, China |
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| Abstract: | Bark beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) are known to be associated with fungi, particularly species of the orders Ophiostomatales and Microascales. However, very little is known about other ectosymbionts of phloeophagous bark beetles on Pinaceae. In this study, we examined the Geosmithia species associated with eight bark beetle species infesting Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris branches in Poland. Fungi were isolated from 1 731 samples collected from 14 study sites. We identified a total of 653 isolates that were sorted into nine taxa based on their phenotypic similarity and phylogeny of their ITS-LSU regions of rDNA, β-tubulin, elongation factor 1α and the second-largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II gene. They represented nine species without formal names. There were large quantitative and qualitative differences in the composition of Geosmithia communities between P. sylvestris and P. abies trees. The proportion of samples infested with Geosmithia species suggests that this association is more widespread among bark beetles infesting branches of P. sylvestris. In addition, these beetles were vectors of different Geosmithia species compared with than the beetles that colonize P. abies. In mixed-conifer forests, the Geosmithia communities were more diverse and richer than in pure spruce or pine stands, where the insects Pityogenes chalcographus and Pityophthorus pityographus with low host-specificity play a distributing role for various Geosmithia species. Among eight bark beetle species examined, only P. bidentatus, P. pityographus, P. chalcographus and Polygraphus poligraphus acted as effective vectors for Geosmithia species. The following hypothesis emerges from these studies: changes in the composition of ectosymbionts of pine- and spruce-infesting bark beetles in Central Europe run along a gradient of thickness of the wood substrata preferred by insects. |
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| Keywords: | Bark beetles Ectosymbiosis Insect–fungus interactions |
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