Feeding by the newly described heterotrophic dinoflagellate Stoeckeria changwonensis: A comparison with other species in the family Pfiesteriaceae |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea;2. Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 443-270, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701, Republic of Korea;1. South China Sea Marine Engineering Surveying Center, State Oceanic Administration, Guangzhou 510300, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China;1. NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, The Netherlands;2. Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, PO Box 12 01 61, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany;3. Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.021, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands;1. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea;2. Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-270, Republic of Korea;1. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;2. Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Marine Biotechnology, Kunsan National University, Jeonbuk 54150, Republic of Korea;1. UMR MARBEC, Centre for Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (IRD, Ifremer, Université Montpellier, CNRS), Université Montpellier, CC 093, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France;2. CNRS, UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Equipe EPEP, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France;3. Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France;4. UMR MARBEC, Centre for Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (IRD, Ifremer, Université de Montpellier, CNRS), Laboratoire Environnement et Ressources du Languedoc-Roussillon (LER-LR), Station Ifremer, Avenue Jean Monnet, CS 30171, 34203 Sète Cedex, France |
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| Abstract: | The feeding ecology of the newly described heterotrophic dinoflagellate Stoeckeria changwonensis was explored. The feeding behavior of S. changwonensis, and the kinds of prey species that it feeds on were investigated with several different types of microscopes and high-resolution video-microscopy. Additionally, the growth and ingestion rates of S. changwonensis as a function of prey concentration for perch (Lateolabrax japonicus) blood cells, the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo, the cryptophytes Rhodomonas salina and Teleaulax sp., and the phototrophic dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae prey were measured. S. changwonensis feeds on prey through a peduncle, after anchoring the prey by using a tow filament. This type of feeding behavior is similar to that of Stoeckeria algicida, Pfiesteria piscicida, and Luciella masanensis in the family Pfiesteriaceae; however, S. changwonensis feeds on various kinds of prey species different from those of the other heterotrophic dinoflagellates. S. changwonensis ingested perch blood cells and diverse algal species, in particular, the large thecate dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum which are not eaten by the other peduncle feeders. H. akashiwo and the perch blood cells supported positive growth of S. changwonensis, but R. salina, Teleaulax sp., and A. carterae which support positive growth of P. piscicida and L. masanensis did not support positive growth of S. changwonensis. With increasing mean prey concentration the growth rates for S. changwonensis on H. akashiwo and the perch blood cells increased rapidly and then slowly or became saturated. The maximum growth rates of S. changwonensis on H. akashiwo and the perch blood cells were 0.376 and 0.354 d−1, respectively. Further, the maximum ingestion rates of S. changwonensis on H. akashiwo and the perch blood cells were 0.35 ng C predator−1 d−1 (3.5 cells predator−1 d−1) and 0.27 ng C predator−1 d−1 (29 cells predator−1 d−1), respectively. These maximum growth and ingestion rates of S. changwonensis on H. akashiwo, the perch blood cells, R. salina, Teleaulax sp., and A. carterae differed considerably from those of S. algicida, P. piscicida, and L. masanensis on the same prey species. Thus, the feeding behavior of S. changwonensis may differ from that of other species in the family Pfiesteriaceae. |
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| Keywords: | Food web Growth Harmful algal bloom Ingestion Peduncle Protist Red tide |
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