Resting cysts,and effects of temperature and salinity on the growth of vegetative cells of the potentially harmful species Alexandrium insuetum Balech (Dinophyceae) |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea;2. South Sea Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea;4. Pukyung National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea;5. National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea;6. Korea Basic Science Institute, Jeju 690-140, Republic of Korea;1. Deep-sea and Seabed Resources Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 787 Haean-ro, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea;2. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Wy NE, Seattle, WA 98115-6349, USA;3. Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean—PMEL, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA;4. Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, 1903 W Michigan Ave., Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5413, USA;5. South Sea Environment Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok-1-gil, Geoje 656-834, Republic of Korea;1. Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea;3. College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea;4. Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea;1. Pacific Ocean Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea;2. South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 656-834, Republic of Korea;1. Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Enrique Abello 0552, Casilla 101, Punta Arenas, Chile;2. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain;3. Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390, Vigo, Spain;1. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;2. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Oceans Science, Center for Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, United States;3. Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;4. Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia;5. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS # 32, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States;1. National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan;2. Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;3. National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, 739-0452, Japan;4. Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan;5. Hokkaido Research Organization, Fisheries Research Department, Central Fisheries Research Institute, Yoichi, Hokkaido, 046-855, Japan;6. Tottori Prefecture Water Environment Management Division, 1-220 Higashimachi, Tottori 680-8570, Japan;7. Tottori Prefectural Fisheries Research Center, 1166 Ishiwaki, Yurihama-cho, Tohaku-gun, Tottori Prefecture, 689-0602, Japan;8. Central Fisheries Research Institute, 238 Hamanaka, Yoichi, Hokkaido, 046-8555, Japan;9. Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute, 116 Katsurakoi, Kushiro, Hokkaido, 085-0802, Japan;10. Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand;11. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543-1050 USA |
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| Abstract: | The potentially harmful species Alexandrium insuetum established by the incubation of resting cysts isolated from sediment trap samples collected at Jinhae-Masan Bay, Korea was characterized by morphological and phylogenetic analysis. The effects of temperature and salinity on the growth of A. insuetum were also investigated. The resting cysts are characterized by a spherical shape, a small size (20–25 μm) and the presence of either three or four red accumulation bodies. The similarity of morphological features of the resting cysts to those of other species of the minutum group (consisting of Alexandrium minutum and A. tamutum) indicates that the morphological features of resting cysts might improve the accuracy of the grouping of Alexandrium species. A. insuetum germinated from the resting cysts is morphologically consistent with vegetative cells reported from Korean and Japanese coastal areas, and has an partial large subunit (LSU) rDNA sequence identical to that from Japanese strains. The growth of A. insuetum was observed between salinity 20 and 35, with increasing temperature; however at 25 °C, A. insuetum could grow even at the salinity of 15. The highest growth rate (0.60 d−1) was observed at 25 °C and the salinity of 25, which is higher than the previously reported growth rate of A. tamarense, which is responsible for outbreaks of paralytic shellfish poisoining and blooms in Jinhae-Masan Bay. These results suggest that the proliferation of A. insuetum in Jinhae-Masan Bay is likely to be highest during the summer. |
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| Keywords: | Resting cyst Minutum group Temperature Salinity |
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