Nitrogen Cycling and Nitric Oxide Emissions in Oil-Impacted Prairie Soils |
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Authors: | Kathleen Duncan Eleanor Jennings Susan Hettenbach William Potter Kerry Sublette Ganesh Subramaniam Ramesh Narasimhan |
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Affiliation: | a Department of Biological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KSb Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KSc Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KSd Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK |
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Abstract: | A remote site in the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve of Oklahoma (The Nature Conservancy) was contaminated with crude oil from a pipeline break and is being bioremediated using landfarming techniques. Landfarming is designed to stimulate microbial-based catabolism of petroleum through combined dilution/mixing and fertilization-based effects. To evaluate nitrogen-based effects during remediation, the site was sectioned and treated with urea, ammonium sulfate, or ammonium nitrate. Samples were obtained from prairie soil without chemical nitrogen addition and with or without hydrocarbon contamination. Nitrogen cycling dynamics were followed by measuring ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, and volatile nitric oxide (NOx) levels. Nitrifying and denitrifying bacterial numbers were estimated and compared to soil oxygen, carbon dioxide, and methane levels as well as to overall total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) reduction. For a prairie ecosystem of this type, a high level of fertilization, particularly with nitrogen, can have ecological effects almost as profound as the petroleum contamination itself. Fertilization of the oil-contaminated soil with the reduced and/or oxidized forms of nitrogen quickly resulted in elevated steady-state levels of both ammonium and nitrate, and exceptionally high levels of NOx released from soil. Although nitrogen fertilization increased microbial nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen cycling, it had minimal effects on the overall remediation efficiency. |
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Keywords: | crude oil TPH nitric oxide ozone bioremediation nitrification denitrification nitrogen cycling grasslands prairie |
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