微囊泡与病毒感染

微囊泡(microvesicle)是细胞释放到胞外的膜性囊泡,其能将所含的蛋白质、脂类和核酸分子转运给其他细胞,从而介导细胞间通讯。作为严格细胞内寄生的微生物,病毒能利用微囊泡的生物合成和扩散途径进行病毒粒子的组装、出芽和传递,同时将病毒蛋白或基因组包装入微囊泡中。这些病毒修饰的囊泡能介导病毒在机体内的感染和扩散,或导致免疫细胞损伤以及耐受抗体的中和,从而逃避宿主免疫应答,引起持续性感染。重要的是,微囊泡介导的病毒感染打破了对病毒在体内扩散和感染时必须有病毒粒子存在的传统认知。对微囊泡与病毒感染进行综述,以促进对微囊泡介导病毒感染和抑制宿主免疫应答分子机制的了解。

Microvesicles and viral infection

Microvesicles are membrane-enclosed extracellular vesicles shed from the plasma membrane or derived from the endosomal membrane of cells, which can mediate intercellular communication through transferring the vesicular components to recipient cells. As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses can take advantage of microvesicle biogenesis and dissemination pathways for viral assembly, budding and transmission. Meanwhile, viral proteins and/or genomic RNAs can be packaged into microvesicles, which can enhance viral infection, or cause destruction of immune cells and evade antibody-mediated neutralization. Therefore, virus-modified microvesicles can evade host immune system and facilitate the persistent infection of viruses. Importantly, progress on microvesicles-mediated viral infection has updated the traditional concept that viral dissemination and infections are based on the presence of virions. Here, we described several key aspects of how microvesicles are involved in viral infections in order to help understand the molecular mechanisms of microvesicles-mediated viral infectiqn and immunosuppression.