Venom of the crotaline snake Atropoides nummifer (jumping viper) from Guatemala and Honduras: comparative toxicological characterization,isolation of a myotoxic phospholipase A2 homologue and neutralization by two antivenoms |
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| Authors: | Ermila Rojas Patricia Saravia Yamileth Angulo Viviana Arce Bruno Lomonte Juan José Chávez Rubén Velásquez Monica Thelestam José Mar??a Gutiérrez |
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| Institution: | 1. Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiolog??a, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica;2. Departamento de Bioqu??mica, Facultad de Ciencias Qu??micas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala;3. Departamento de Bioqu??mica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica;4. Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden |
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| Abstract: | A comparative study was performed on the venoms of the crotaline snake Atropoides nummifer from Guatemala and Honduras. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, under reducing conditions, revealed a highly similar pattern of these venoms, and between them and the venom of the same species from Costa Rica. Similar patterns were also observed in ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Shephadex C-25, in which a highly basic myotoxic fraction was present. This fraction was devoid of phospholipase A2 activity and strongly reacted, by enzyme-immunoassay, with an antiserum against Bothrops asper myotoxin II, a Lys-49 phospholipase A2 homologue. A basic myotoxin of 16 kDa was isolated to homogeneity from the venom of A. nummifer from Honduras, showing amino acid composition and N-terminal sequence similar to those of Lys-49 phospholipase A2 variants previously isolated from other crotaline snake venoms. Guatemalan and Honduran A. nummifer venoms have a qualitatively similar toxicological profile, characterized by: lethal; hemorrhagic; myotoxic; edema-forming; coagulant; and defibrinating activities, although there were significant quantitative variations in some of these activities between the two venoms. Neutralization of toxic activities by two commercially-available antivenoms in the region was studied. Polyvalent antivenom produced by Instituto Clodomiro Picado was effective in the neutralization of: lethal; hemorrhagic; myotoxic; coagulant; defibrinating; and phospholipase A2 activities, but ineffective against edema-forming activity. On the other hand, MYN polyvalent antivenom neutralized: hemorrhagic; myotoxic; coagulant; defibrinating; and phospholipase A2 activities, albeit with a lower potency than Instituto Clodomiro Picado antivenom. MYN antivenom failed to neutralize lethal and edema-forming activities of A. nummifer venoms. |
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| Keywords: | Snake venom Viperids Neutralization Antivenoms |
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