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Bottom-up and top-down influences on pregnancy rates and recruitment of northern Yellowstone elk |
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| Authors: | Kelly M. Proffitt Julie A. Cunningham Kenneth L. Hamlin Robert A. Garrott |
| Affiliation: | 1. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, 1400 South 19th Street, Bozeman, MT, 59718 USA;2. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks (Retired), 1400 South 19th Street, Bozeman, MT, 59718 USA;3. Ecology Department, Montana State University, 310 Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT, 59718 USA |
| Abstract: | |
| Keywords: | Canis lupus Cervus elaphus elk grizzly bear pregnancy recruitment survival wolves Yellowstone |