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Chlorination of harman and norharman with sodium hypochlorite and co-mutagenicity of the chlorinated products |
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| Authors: | Koji Nakano Kayoko Suyama Hitoshi Fukazawa Mitsuo Uchida Keiji Wakabayashi Tatsushi Shiozawa Yoshiyasu Terao |
| Affiliation: | a Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, 422-8526 Shizuoka, Japan;b School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, 422-8526 Shizuoka, Japan;c Cancer Prevention Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0024, Japan |
| Abstract: | Harman and norharman are widely distributed in the environment and consequently contaminate in domestic waste-water. It has been reported that they have co-mutagenic activity in the presence of non- mutagenic aromatic amines such as aniline and o-toluidine with S9 mix. When these β-carbolines were treated with sodium hypochiorite under mild conditions, chlorinated derivatives were produced. Among them, 6-chloroharman and 6-chloronorharman showed much more potent co-mutagenic activities than harman and norharman in the presence of o-toluidine toward Salmonella typhimurium TA98 with S9 mix. These results suggest that the chlorination of harman and norharman occurs during disinfection at the sewage plant to produce potent co-mutagens that contaminate river water. |
| Keywords: | Harman Norharman Chlorination Co-mutagenicity Salmonella typhimurium TA98 |
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