Variation in polyphenolic profile and in vitro antioxidant activity of eastern teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens L.) leaves following foliar development |
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| Institution: | 1. Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea;2. Biological Genetic Resources Utilization Division, National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea;3. College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea;1. School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China;2. Department of Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China;3. King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;4. School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China;1. College of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, People’s Republic of China;2. State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Natural Products Chemistry Department, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China;3. Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China;4. School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China;1. College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China;3. Shanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China |
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| Abstract: | Seasonal dynamics in the polyphenolic composition, antioxidant activity, and their relationships during plant development were evaluated for eastern teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens L.) leaves, a traditional herbal medicine of North American natives. With the complementary UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3, HPLC-PDA-fingerprint, Folin-Ciocalteau, and n-butanol/HCl assays of methanol-water (75:25, v/v) extracts, the dried leaf samples harvested monthly across the growing season under Polish climate conditions were found rich in structurally diverse polyphenols (149.2–210.7 mg/g DW) including the dominating salicylates (64.6–107.5 mg/g DW), proanthocyanidins (53.0–66.8 mg/g DW), and flavonoids (17.3–25.3 mg/g DW), and the accompanying chlorogenic acid isomers (2.4–4.4 mg/g DW) and simple phenolic acids (0.9–1.1 mg/g DW). Among 28 detected analytes, gaultherin (64.6–107.5 mg/g DW), miquelianin (14.6–21.1 mg/g DW), procyanidin A-type trimer (5.5–9.5 mg/g DW), and (–)-epicatechin (5.8–7.8 mg/g DW) were the most abundant. The phenolic levels and antioxidant activity parameters in the DPPH (EC50, 15.0–18.2 μg DW/mL; 0.95–1.16 mmol Trolox equivalents/g DW) and FRAP (2.3–3.4 mmol Fe 2+/g DW; 0.86–1.26 mmol Trolox equivalents/g DW) assays showed parallel seasonal trends with maxima in September and October. As the subsequent correlation studies confirmed the determinative impact of polyphenols on the leaf antioxidant activity and its seasonal fluctuations, the Fall season could be recommended as optimal for harvesting the plant material for medicinal purposes and cost-effective production of natural health products. |
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| Keywords: | Leaves Antioxidant activity Phenolic composition Seasonal variation |
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