Inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Responses Co-exist Inside Lung Granuloma of Fatal Cases of Coccidioidomycosis: A Pilot Report

Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal disease caused by Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii. These fungi are endemic in the southern USA and northern Mexico. Immunocompromised patients are susceptible to develop severe forms of this fungal infection. Cytokines play an important role in controlling the fungal infection, but little is known about the predominant immunological environment in human lung tissue from fatal cases. Our aim was to analyze the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and monocyte/macrophages markers (CD14 and CD206) in the granulomas of six fatal cases of coccidioidomycosis. Cytokines and surface markers were higher in coccidioidomycosis cases when compared to control (P?<?0.05). CD14 positive cells were increased inside the coccidioidal granuloma when compared to the outside (P?<?0.05). No differences were found in the number of CD206+ cells inside the granuloma when compared to the outer population (P?>?0.05). Interestingly, an analysis of stain intensity signals showed an increased signaling of CD14, CD206, IL-10 and TNFα inside the granuloma when compared to the outside (P?<?0.05). iNOS and IL-12 gene expression were not detected in coccidioidomycosis cases, while IL-10, IL-6 and TGFβ gene expression were detected, but the differences when compared to healthy lungs were not significant (P?>?0.05). TNFα gene expression was lower in coccidioidomycosis cases when compared to healthy lung (P?=?0.05). In conclusion, pro- and anti-inflammatory responses co-exist inside of the granulomas of fatal cases of coccidioidomycosis and the absent of iNOS and IL-12 gene expression may be related with patient’s outcome.